Introduction.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) are cells derived from the skin or blood cells that have been reprogramed back into the embryonic-like pluripotent state that facilitates the development of an unlimited source that can be repurposed into any other type of cells needed for other purposes, such a treatment. iPSC is typically derived by introducing a specialized set of pluripotency-associated genes or reprogramming factors into an adult somatic cell to induce differential (Seaby et al., 2015). The iPSC cells have qualities similar to human embryonic stem cells. According to (Li et al., 2015), the initial set of reprograming factors, also called the Yamanaka factors after Professor Shinya Yamanaka, established their potency in 2006. The Yamanaka factors are (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) (Li et al., 2015). They are described as a group of protein transcription factors responsible for forming pluripotent stem cells, capable of transforming into any other cell in the body. The cells control how DNA is transferred and eventually transformed into other protein cells. The discovery of the Yamanaka factors was a crucial development in stem cell research and offers a possibility for understanding cell transformation factors that allow researchers to repair broken cells or create new cells, thus making limitless possibilities in treating diseases and other conditions.

Heterogeneity of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC).

Heterogeneity refers to the existence of different characteristics in a group. In cell biology, heterogeneity expresses other traits from cells often classified in the same group. When referring to Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC), line/clones’ heterogeneity refers to the genetic difference between the single iPSC clones that manifest after mutation of the somatic cells that arise after the cell is subjected to various treatments (Seaby et al., 2015). According to (Li et al., 2015), numerous mutations may result in the heteronomy of the iPSC clones. The different mutations manifest for a variety of reasons and can be a crucial aspect in helping researchers devise ways of determining the heterogeneity of the stromatic cells (Li et al., 2015).

The approach can be an effective avenue for determining the pluripotency of the stem cells that are included in the panel for detecting stem cells before differentiation. The common pluripotency markers that are included in a panel for detecting stem cells prior to differentiation include OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2. The study allows researchers to map the characteristics of iPSC before they differentiate (CD Genomics, 2023). Understanding the features of the stem cells before differentiation allows the researchers to map out the protein characteristics of all the elements within the cells (Seaby et al., 2015). The researchers can, therefore, utilize several markers to identify the differentiated iPSC and the differentiated iPSC (Aboul-Soud et al., 2021). The standard surface markers selected from the experience are TRA-1–60, Stage Specific Embryonic Antigen 4 (SSEA4), and TRA-1–81. SSEA-4 expression seems to precede the expression of TRA-1–60 and TRA-1–80, which are only noticeable in the final phases of differentiation. However, TRA-1–60 and TRA-1–80 are preferred because they have unique epitopes of the glycoprotein Podocalyxin and are used to identify isolated ESCs (Li et al., 2015). The suggested approach will prioritize the expression of different characteristics of normal iPSC cells and differentiated versions, which are likely to have extra protein characters, especially at the cell’s nucleotide sites. Should the proteins of the differentiated and undifferent cells have other characteristics when sequences, then there is a possibility to highlight the heterogeneity of iPSC clones (Aboul-Soud et al., 2021).

Exome Sequencing to Define the Genetic Heterogeneity of IPSC Clones.

Exome sequencing is an approach to genomic studies that sequences all the protein-coding regions of the genes in a genome (Aboul-Soud et al., 2021). The exome is essential to studying diseases because it contains all the disease-related genomic variants. Exome sequencing can be an essential avenue for determining the heterogeneity of the iPSC lines because it targets the proteinoid nature of cells (Aboul-Soud et al., 2021). The portentous nature of the different components of the cells can help in exome sequencing, thus allowing researchers to determine the heterogeneity of iPSC cells (CD Genomics, 2023). The experimental method is modeled after established genome sequencing methods that usually occur through exon enrichment. Afterwa